Applied & Interdisciplinary
Muayyad Mahmood Khalil; Najim Abdullah Ibrahim
Abstract
The Bagley--Torvik equation, which governs the motion of a rigid plate immersed in a Newtonian fluid with viscoelastic damping, represents one of the canonical benchmark problems in fractional calculus. This paper presents a systematic comparative numerical analysis of four established methods for solving ...
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The Bagley--Torvik equation, which governs the motion of a rigid plate immersed in a Newtonian fluid with viscoelastic damping, represents one of the canonical benchmark problems in fractional calculus. This paper presents a systematic comparative numerical analysis of four established methods for solving this equation: the Fractional-Order Hybrid Jacobi Functions method (FOHJF), the Polynomial Least Squares Method (PLSM), the Vieta-Lucas Spectral Method (VLSM), and the Cubic Spline Collocation Method (CSCM). Three benchmark test problems with qualitatively distinct forcing functions---polynomial, oscillatory (cosine), and exponential---and varying initial conditions are used to evaluate absolute approximation errors at resolution levels N = 8, 16, 32, and 64. Detailed error tables and graphical convergence analyses are provided. The results consistently demonstrate that VLSM achieves the highest accuracy, with maximum absolute errors below 2.3×10⁻⁸ at N = 32, followed by FOHJF. PLSM and CSCM offer simpler implementation at the cost of reduced accuracy. Practical recommendations are provided for selecting a method based on the required precision level and the type of forcing function. The study identifies key limitations and directions for future work, including extension to nonlinear formulations, variable-order derivatives, and adaptive hybrid approaches.
Control Theory & Systems
Sommayeh Sheykhi; Mashallah Matinfar; Mohammad Arab Firoozjaee
Abstract
The advection-dispersion, variable-order differential equations have a vast application in fluid physics and energy systems. In this study, we propose a Ritz-approximation method using shifted Legendre polynomials to construct approximate numerical solutions for these equations. The ...
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The advection-dispersion, variable-order differential equations have a vast application in fluid physics and energy systems. In this study, we propose a Ritz-approximation method using shifted Legendre polynomials to construct approximate numerical solutions for these equations. The proposed method discretizes the original problem, converting it into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations that can be solved numerically at selected points. We discuss the error characteristics of the proposed method. For validation, the presented examples are compared with exact solutions and with prior results. The results indicate that the proposed method is highly effective.
